2025 Conference
Trust necessitates “recalibrating our relationship with the public from a social contract to a social covenant. Our relationship with the public is bidirectional. It’s synergistic.”

Cynda Rushton, PhD, RN, FAAN
Plenary Speaker Day One: What Builds and Breaks Trust? Implications for Healthcare
Cynda Rushton was interviewed by NNEC Planning Committee Member Karen Jones, MS, RN, HEC-C.
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Q:
The theme for the conference this year is “Everyday Ethics Rooted in Trust.” When you think about “everyday ethics,” what comes to mind for you? What has your experience been in keeping ethics front and center in your practice?
Our values and commitments are consciously or unconsciously part of everything we do or say, so our task in the distracted, divided world we are in is to stay connected to our moral compass and who we really are. It really begins with trusting ourselves, to stay true to our values and our essences. Really, that is the foundation for our ability to trust others. So, to me, everyday ethics starts with seeing the world through the lens of values and commitments and developing our moral sensitivity to notice when our values are at play, when they’re being upheld, and when they’re threatened. And when we start to notice, I think that’s when it becomes part of everything we do.
– Cynda Rushton
Q:
The pandemic tested a sense of trust not only in healthcare, but in science itself. Moving forward, we know that public health is a critical dimension in promoting wellness. How can we help to instill amongst the public an awareness of both individual and community obligation to this ethical endeavor?
I have been sitting with this question for a good while. During the pandemic, my wonderful colleague Eileen Fry-Bowers and I wrote a blog for the Hastings Center focusing on this issue—trying to engage the public in exploring what would happen if there were no more nurses. It has always been clear, but especially during the pandemic, it was abundantly clear that nurses are the linchpin in the healthcare system. The irony is that most people are only aware of nurses when they need health care. Clearly, once a diagnosis is made, what people need most is nursing care. And yet at the same time, especially during the pandemic, the level of disrespect and violence toward nurses escalated at alarming rates and it’s persistent. I think this has created a profound shift in nurses’ relationships with the public. Especially for nurses, that shift has eroded the strong bonds nurses have had with their patients. If you think about it, when your patients turn against you, it is difficult to harness the fuel that you need to face adversity that’s there every single day. Later, Eileen and I wrote an article about recalibrating our relationship with the public from a social contract, which is how we’ve often talked about it, to a social covenant. Our relationship with the public is bidirectional. It’s synergistic. I also had the chance to partner with AARP and Susan Reinhart to propose 10 things the public could do to support nurses, starting with figuring out what nurses do and how respect and trust is mutual, that both sides of the equation must invest in it. Nurses are uniquely qualified to do certain things, but it’s in the partnership with patients that we get the best outcomes. For example, patients taking the opportunity to get accurate and factual information, asking questions, being advocates for themselves and not hesitating to notice the contribution nurses make every day to their care. One part of that is a simple thank you, but it’s also the meaningful recognition that the DAISY Foundation is leading, fostering mechanisms by peers and leaders to acknowledge the contributions nurses make every day. The DAISY Foundation, with AARP, recently launched an effort to engage the public in sharing their experiences and gratitude for nurses, for the contribution to their health and well-being. We are continuing that work in Maryland as part of our R3: Resilient nurses\’ initiative. Check out our website: https://nursing.jhu.edu/faculty-research/research/centers/r3/.
– Cynda Rushton
Q:
What advice would you give to frontline staff to develop and maintain trust among patients, families, communities and the health professions?
Trust is a big topic; it’s very complex. We know it\’s evocative. It has lots of different meanings based on our own experience and our capacity to trust ourselves and others. A lot of the perspective I have on this topic is really informed by more than 20 years of working with Dennis and Michelle Reina. It’s been an incredible privilege to work with them. They have devoted their lives to creating trust and building behaviors among individuals, teams and leaders. One of the things I really appreciate about their work is that it focuses on behaviors, because trust is understood in the abstract, but where the rubber hits the road is in behaviors. Their model includes three dimensions: trust of character, trust of communication, and trust of capability. Within each of those are very specific behaviors that are associated with them. It is not a theoretical idea. They have done a lot of research to validate their concept, and they have measurement tools that can help clarify each of those levels where trust building is thriving and where there are opportunities to strengthen it. The other part of the equation is we know trust is fragile, and as human beings who interact with each other, betrayals big and small are inevitable. It’s just part of being human. But that doesn’t mean that we excuse them. It means we must turn toward them and have very specific strategies to rebuild trust when it’s been broken. There is a lot of emerging data in nursing that documents the feelings of betrayal experienced by nurses particularly at the point of care and the serious consequences in some cases of the moral injury that have resulted. This has been a part of our research in the last couple of years, this concept of looking at moral injury as a more corrosive and harmful type of moral suffering often involves some form of betrayal. There is a lot to unpack here, and I hope everyone will join us to discuss the importance of trust in all aspects of our work in healthcare. There’s a lot of opportunity, and it takes a sustained commitment to create the conditions where trust can thrive.
– Cynda Rushton
Q:
Our choice words can change the meaning of what we are attempting to convey. A good example is discussing “withdrawing care.” Clinicians are aware that we never withdraw care at the end of life. Adjusting that language to withdrawal of technology or treatment that is harmful or no longer beneficial changes the conversation. Can you think of other examples of language that creates misunderstanding?
All of us are responsible for the words we say and what we repeat, because the words matter. Our narratives have power. We need to be intentional about them. So here is what I say to my students. Before you repeat the words and phrases that resonate for us, we need to pause and reflect before we choose to repeat them. I like to use four filters for reflection on Is what I am about to say (1) true? (2) Is it beneficial? (3) Is it necessary? and (4) Is this the right time and place? If we are just repeating these
things out of nervous system activation, frustration, anger, fear, or outrage, we are inadvertently just spreading that negativity in the words we repeat. So, noticing the impact on us, our bodies, our hearts and minds is a good clue to determine what we should repeat or not. There is a tendency when you’re under stress, when you’re exhausted, to think, “That’s right and that’s wrong.” There’s no reflection. In a way, it’s a kind of release in the moment and it’s temporary, but the consequences can be profound. For shift report, if it’s all negative – “We had a terrible day, this happened, no one listened” – you start with your cup completely drained. There is no fuel for empathy.
There is no fuel for collaboration or listening or understanding. For me, it is people taking responsibility for choosing how you want to show up, how you want to communicate, what is important. That requires a pause before you speak. One of the words that I think has really been misapplied and misunderstood is resilience. During the pandemic, the resilience of nurses was highlighted again and again and yet it became weaponized by some and shunned by others. It is unfortunate, because the problem is not the concept of resilience, but how it’s being used. Resilience at its core is about how we face adversity, and there are decades of research that document the inherent resilient capacity of every human in their physical, psychological, social and moral dimensions. This whole narrative about “let’s not talk about resilience anymore” is interesting. Every nurse I know is resilient. It is interesting to hear people think that cultivating resilience is the sole responsibility of the individual. What we know about resilience in a social ecological framework is we are all impacted in lots of different ways with our environment all around us. Some people have cherry-picked partial definitions of the term to suggest it just means bouncing back.
The concept is much more robust than that suggests. There is no unifying definition, but one simple one is our ability to flexibly adapt to recover, even grow in response to stress and adversity. Some suggest it’s the ability to not only overcome setbacks but to move forward and go beyond the bouncing back to learning and growing and transforming it. It’s a strengths-based approach rather than a deficit focused one. Moral resilience, for example, is a protective resource to reduce the detrimental impact of both moral distress and moral injury and even some mental health outcomes. That concept has always been situated within a culture of ethical practice. We also see that the combination of moral resilience and organizational effectiveness has the greatest impact on moral suffering, so it’s really when we add the two dimensions together that we have the greatest opportunity to reduce some of the ongoing moral distress or injury.
